Can Medical Research on Animals be Justified?

Can Medical Research on Animals be Justified?

No one relishes using animals for experimentation, but the medical community has long insisted that such research helps develop potentially life-saving drugs and treatments. Is this justification compelling enough to continue using animals for medical research?

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Regarding Argument
Animals Suffer Greatly; Morals at Issue
- From PCRM
No Side
By Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine - Encouraging Higher Standards in Research

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  • Eric Prescott
    Regardless of every other argument, this is what is at issue

    Do we have the moral right to violate the interests of any being merely to satisfy our own interests?

    In the case of humans, we of course say "no." In the case of other animals, for some reason we say "yes." However, I have not yet heard one non-arbitrary reason why this is so.

    All sentient animals have a moral right to life and to not be caused pain, much less to live their lives without being used against their will in other ways. To grant legal protection for humans and not for non-humans is speciesist hypocrisy. Species membership simply is not a morally valid justification for ignoring the interests of sentient beings, any more than age, sex, race, and so on.

    - Eric PrescottUS August 27, 2008 9:58PM

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    • ToddG
      Missing several differentiating factors

      I'll just assume that the statement "I have not yet heard one non-arbitrary reason why this is so" is hyperbole, otherwise I imagine you have not spoken to many serious people who don't share your view. While there are a variety of differences between humans and animals, I'll pick the simplest set: cognitive capabilities. If one believes that types and/or levels of cognition in some way determine moral values and rights, then there is a difference between humans and animals. That of course does not necessarily mean that it is then ok to harm animals, but it can form a basis for an argument for the use of animals under certain conditions.

      Animals in scientific studies are bred and therefore would not be alive otherwise. Additionally, in the wild many of them are at risk of far greater pain and harm being prey animals.

      In my mind, there are several ethical/values questions that should be considered:
      1. Is it better for an animal to never exist or live in a laboratory setting?
      2. What types of testing and what levels of pain/stress can be inflicted before life is not worth having lived in the first place? (possibly the most difficult question)
      3. What can be done to improve conditions for the animals, without disrupting the science?
      4. What is the combination of pleasure/pain for the animals that appropriately can be traded off for advances in medicine?

      These questions clearly do not have right or wrong answers as they depend on initial values that are somewhat arbitrary. However they do allow for individuals with their own values to determine the sort of policies that they would be comfortable with. As a graduate student in neuroscience, I am personally involved in animal experiments, and I do occasionally wonder if the research I am doing will provide sufficient advances to justify the use of the animals in my care. I do hope that future research and ethical discussion will lead us to even better rules for care of animals and the conditions for their use. Ultimately I do believe that animal testing is justified, though I am uncommitted on exactly what conditions for which this is true.

      - ToddGUS December 3, 2008 10:35AM

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      • Eric Prescott
        Arbitary differentiations

        Sentience is sufficient criteria for a being to possess the basic moral right not to be used as the resource of another. Cognitive capacity is irrelevant for this purpose, though an animal's c.c. could certainly be relevant to which other rights that animal may have.

        Because rights protect interests, we need to look at what interests animals have. All sentient beings have a fundamental interest in not being harmed. As more cognitive capacities are determined, interests relevant to that capacity may then be discerned.

        Because you are truly concerned about the issue of animal use in laboratory settings, I strongly recommend reading ch. 5 of Gary L. Francione's book, Animals as Persons.

        - Eric PrescottUS December 3, 2008 10:55AM

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        • ToddG
          Re: Arbitrary differentiations

          You make an interesting point about an animals being used as a resource, but I don't think it is so simple. After all, a person or animal can be used as a resource and still get what it/he/she wants. I still maintain that the question is what is a fair trade-off between a subject's sacrifice and its gain. One might also put into play the benefit to other beings in a utilitarian model, but I'll leave that aside since my impression is that you would reject that view. Do you think that all experimentation on animals is wrong, just those experiments that cause pain/death, any experiments involving animals bred for experimentation, any experiments involving animals in captivity for whatever reason?

          I suppose some of these questions may be addressed in the book you recommended. I appreciate the suggestion and I'll take a look.

          - ToddGUS December 7, 2008 8:42AM

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          • Eric Prescott
            Clarifications, answers to questions

            I do oppose using nonhuman animals in biomedical research whatever the reason, on the grounds that doing so violates their moral rights (I should clarify that above I meant "merely" as a resource, i.e., as our property. We do not allow treating humans merely as resources (or slaves, is the idea), though of course most humans have the ability to consent to have their labor exploited in return for financial consideration (and typically, when properly informed, have the ability to give reasonable consent to be test subjects). Nonhumans do not of course have the ability to consent in this way.

            With respect to the reasons why I oppose animal use for research in particular, I think that chapter I recommended is the simplest way to expound on that.

            - Eric PrescottUS December 7, 2008 11:23AM

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    • richardsonkr
      Are you Serious?

      The word specieist is ridiculous. Using specieist as one would use racist or sexist implies that animals are equal to various minorities that have been persecuted throughout the centuries. The level of absurdity this debate gets taken to when people talk about meat as comparable to the Holocaust and work animals as equivalent to black slaves is infuriating. They are not. Animals are not people, this is not discrimination, it is a fact. The new PETA brand of Political Correctness is equally absurd. To insist on saying "non-human animals" instead of simply "animals" takes the already inane concept of PC to a whole new level. Your whole argument against animal testing based on discrimination against animals is offensive to people who really have been discriminated against, and is not a valid argument against animal testing. There is a valid ethical component to the debate, and it should not be overlooked, by any means, but this overt exaggeration of it is damaging to your argument and is highly infuriating.

      - richardsonkrUS December 7, 2008 1:30PM

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      • Eric Prescott
        Yes, I'm serious

        Richard, your fury is misdirected. I will ignore the parts of your comment that have nothing to do with what I wrote. Instead I will focus on 1) your claim that the word speciesist is ridiculous--which is simply your opinion, not an assertion of fact--as well as 2) the idea that I'm opposed to animal testing because it discriminate against animals, which I'll break into a) your conception of my argument and b) the actual argument. Finally (3), I'll address this notion you have that to respect nonhuman animals means we must disrespect human animals. That seems to be the core issue underlying your comments.

        1. The word speciesism was coined by Richard Ryder several decades ago, and has been refined over the years. The implication you draw, that animals are equal to minorities that have been persecuted is your own conclusion, not mine. The implication to me is that, like other -isms, speciesism describes a failure to accord a being equal consideration or respect based on species membership rather than race, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Gary L. Francione, Joan Dunayer, Peter Singer, and many others have written on this subject extensively to describe why speciesism is as arbitrary as any form of bias against members of homo sapiens.

        Recognizing speciesism and according animals equal consideration for their interests where they are similar to ours does not mean they are literally equal to humans in every way. That would be a fallacious comparison.

        At any rate, you provide no valid argument against using this term. While you indignantly call it ridiculous, etymologically speaking, the word is perfectly sensible.

        2a) You argue that my argument against animal testing is based on discrimination, but this is false (see: my argument, or 2b). Even if it was based on discrimination, that should not be offensive to people who have been discriminated against any more than it would be offensive to women to say that black humans have been victimized by discrimination. One is not saying that all women are black, or that all black humans are women.

        As a side note, for your unwillingness to accept the term "nonhuman animals" throws into further relief your own biases. There is nothing PC about it. Rather it is a matter of being more descriptive. We are animals, too, and distinguishing between human and nonhuman animals is helpful to any conversation in which we are making distinctions between humans and all other animals.

        2b) I'm opposed to animal testing because I believe it violates their moral rights, irrespective of whether any discrimination is at work against any species of animal in a given scenario, humans included.

        3) There's a fairly common sentiment I come across that respecting animals is somehow denigrating to humans. I don't understand this. If anything, by respecting the moral rights of animals and going vegan, I have had my respect and concern for other humans deepened as well. Once you are no longer blind to our complicit in the wanton and unnecessary slaughter of billions of sentient beings, you can stop ignoring a great many other moral concerns, too.

        A lot of people describe it as having their eyes opened. They start wondering how all their food is produced, where their commercial goods are being manufactured, how, and by whom, etc. It tends to lead to a greater sense of awareness, understanding, and respect for all beings, in my experience, so your suggestion that giving nonhuman animals greater respect lowers human beings somehow seems totally unfounded, and you have provided no evidence to the contrary.

        - Eric PrescottUS December 7, 2008 7:05PM

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Is Animal Testing Justified?

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